Organ+Transplantation+Period+1

 **__ ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION __**

Transplantation is the act of surgically removing an organ from one person and placing it into another person. Transplantation occurs because the recipient's organ has failed or has been damaged through illness or injury.
 * The organs that can be transplanted are: **
 * Liver (partial or whole)
 * Kidney
 * Pancreas
 * Kidney/pancreas (can be transplanted at the same time)
 * Heart
 * Lung
 * Heart/lung (can be transplanted at the same time)
 * Intestine
 * Cornea

**//__Scientific Aspects:__//** ** Types of Transplants **
 *  **Allograft-** transplant of organ from genetically non-identical member of the same species
 *  **Isograft-** allograft between identical twins
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">   **Xenotransplant-** transplant of organ from one species to another

**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 150%; COLOR: #0578fa; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> Overview of Organ Transplantation ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> Organ transplants are a feasible option when a particular organ is failing

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **Part 1: The Surgery**
 * Living Donors** - people who can spare an extra organ (i.e. kidney and liver portions)
 * Cadaverous Donors**- deceased donor who gives lungs, heart, pancreas, or cornea; usually brain -dead but on life  support because organs deteriorate quickly after body expires

A) Harvesting Procedure [removing heart from donor]

** Donor:  ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Recipient:**<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">B) Operating Procedure [transplanting donor heart into recipient] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">//[Pre-Surgery] Hook IV and inject anticoagulant into bloodstream//   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">//Takes 5 hours for patient to regain consciousness- a week to recover but a lifetime to make sure the organ continues to function properly// <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> ** Part 2: Living with New Organ ** Ricipients must have continued medical treatment for the rest of their lives because of their immune system's reaction to the transplant. The immune system destroys anything foreign that enters the body in order the prevent anything harmful from entering. The donor organ is made up of completely foreign cells, so the body's immune system will attack it. Surgeons prevent that by making sure the donor and recipient have the same blood and tissue types. Even with a good match though, the body will reject the organ, destroying it a cell at a time. Immunosuppressive drugs are used to prevent organ rejection. (Exception: corneal transplants)
 * 1) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Cut open chest
 * 2) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Reveal heart
 * 3) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  Clamps vessels to heart
 * 4) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Stops heart with solution
 * 5) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Remove heart and place in preservative chemical in bag
 * 6) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Pack bag in cooler with ice
 * 7) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  Rushed to recipient's hospital
 * 1) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Recipient fully anethesized waiting for organ
 * 2) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Wheeled to surgery room covered in sterile cloths only chest exposed
 * 3) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Surgery begins when heart arrives
 * 1) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Cut open chest
 * 2) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Reveal heart
 * 3) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Heart-lung machine used so surgeons will not disrupt circulation and respiration <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[releases carbon dioxide, regulate blood temperature]
 * 4) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Surgeons remove the diseased part of the heart, leaving the atria alone
 * 5) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Removes donor's atria and suture donor's heart with recipient's heart together
 * 6) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Suture the blood vessels originally going to the diseased heart to the blood vessels coming out of the donor's heart
 * 7) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Give heart time to adjust letting the machine go on working
 * 8) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Surgeons wrap up with wiring breastbone back together and suturing the chest with dissolving stitches

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Transplant rejection** is when the recipient's immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **<span style="COLOR: #0e87ec; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">3 types of rejection: ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Symptoms ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Examining/Testing for Transplant Rejection ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Treatment ** //Goal: to assure the organ functions properly at the same time supressing the immune system to prevent transplant rejection// <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**<span style="COLOR: #0e87ec; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Complications ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Outlook ** Some organs are more successfully transplanted and accepted than other organs. Rejection may be suppressed by immunosuppressive drugs, but the recipients would be dependent on the medicine for the rest of their lifetimes. However, there is a possibility the drugs will fail to prevent rejection.
 * 1) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Hyperacute rejection- happens immediately organ's transplanted; antibodies react with the donor's organ because the blood types are imcompatible
 * 2) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Acute rejection- occurs few days after surgery; body has time to recognize the foreign material; normal response to foreign matter
 * 3) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Chronic rejection- gradual rejection lasting over long period of time
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Organ dysfunctional
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">General discomfort, uneasy feeling
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Pain or swelling in organ transplant area
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Fever
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Also depend on specific organ (i.e. kidney transplant- less urine)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Feel location of transplanted organ for tenderness
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Signs like shortness of breathe for heart transplant
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Biopsy of organ will determine whether it is being rejected
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Many immunosuppressive drugs
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Dosage depends on patient's status: high dosage when rejection is occurring and lower dosages to prevent rejection from occurring
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Loss of function of transplanted organ
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Infections due to suppressed immune system
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Side effects of medications

<span style="COLOR: #181616; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 60%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">All policies and bylaws governing the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network are developed by the OPTN and considered for final approval by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under federal regulation governing the OPTN. **
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="COLOR: #008cff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  //__The Legal Aspects:__//

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **The Matching Process in Organ Transplantation contains five steps:** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f29ce2"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f29ce2">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f29ce2">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> There is no set amount of time for how long a patient will have to wait for a donor, and no way to know how long a patient must wait to receive a donor organ. ** Factors that affect waiting times are patient medical status, availability of donors in the local area and the level of match between the donor and recipient. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">UNOS policies permit "multiple listing" for waiting lists at Hospitals for Organ Donors. ** Each hospital has its own criteria for listing patients and may have different rules about patients listing at other hospitals.
 * 1)   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">    An organ is donated: information is sent concerning medican and genetic information (organ size, condition, blood type, and tissue type)
 * 2)     <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  U         <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">NOS generates a list of potential transplant recipients who have medical and biologic profiles compatible with the donor. They are ranked by clinical characteristics and time spent on the waiting list.
 * 3)   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">       <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  The transplant center is notified of an available organ for a patient that is a match.
 * 4)   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">       <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">  The transplant team considers the organ for the patient. It bases its acceptance or refusal of the organ upon established medical criteria, organ <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">condition, candidate condition, staff and patient availability and organ transportation. They have only one hour to make its decision.
 * 5)   <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f29ce2">  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">The organ is accepted or declined. If the organ is not accepted, the OPO continues to offer it for patients at other centers until it is placed.

**The organs are distributed locally first, and if no match is found they are then offered regionally, and then nationally, until a recipient is found**. Every attempt is made to place donor organs. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **Transplant hospitals in America do not just perform transplantation on US citizens**. Patients from other countries may travel here to receive transplants. Once accepted by a UNOS transplant center, international patients receive organs based on the same policies as U.S. citizen s

**If a patient needs a heart transplant, a double lung transplant, a pancreas transplant or a cornea transplant, they will need to get it from a cadaverous (deceased) donor.** Usually, acceptable donors are people who are brain dead but on artificial life support. Although they are technically "dead", their body is still functioning, which means the organs remain healthy. Organs deteriorate very quickly after the body itself expires, making them unusable for transplant. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Legislation Impacting Organ and Tissue Donattion Federal Legislation ** l. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of 1968 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> (AGA) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">2. The National Organ Transplant Act 3. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 4. The Right to Refuse Medical Treatment: The Patient Self Determination Act of 1991 **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">l. State Anatomical Gift Acts 2. Required Request Laws 3. State Laws Regarding Advance Care Directives <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"> à <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">A Living Will <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"> à <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Durable Powers of Attorney For Health Care <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"> à <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Advance Care Medical Directives 4. Presumed Consent Laws
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0bea1c; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; msoFareastFontFamily: 'Times New Roman'mso-ansi-language">State Legislation

<span style="COLOR: #ef8a25; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**// __The Ethical Aspects:__ //**
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Organ sources
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Status: brain-dead, comatose, life support, mentally ill, catatonic, live, etc.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Criminals?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Procurement system
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Paying for organs – Recipient? Donor? Insurance?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Recipients
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Repeated recipients
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Alcoholics, smokers, addicts, criminals, prostitutes, etc.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Social status (money?)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Prioritization: proximity, need, waiting time, age, or relation?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Obligation?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Domino transplants – familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (liver)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Xenotransplants
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Pig heart valve (successful)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Baboon heart (failed)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Fish islets of Langerhans (experimental)
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">“Unnatural” transplants
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> Brain?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Genitalia between genders?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Redundant or extraneous organs/systems?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Are transplants really worth the
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Monetary costs?
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Lifestyle costs?

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Bibliography <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://www.lawsmart.com/documents/orgdonr1.shtml</span]> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/organtransplantation.html</span]> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">http://www.transplantliving.org/beforethetransplant/qa.aspx#matchCrit <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://health.howstuffworks.com/organ-transplant.htm] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://atheism.about.com/library/weekly/aa052302a.htm</span]> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000815.htm#Causes,%20incidence,%20and%20risk%20factors<span <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Date of Review: ** May 28, 2008 || I would recommend my peers to peruse this website based on my positive web evaluation. It provides accurate insight on transplant rejection, and does not in any way influence the reader to any position. It let’s the readers decide for themselves on their standpoint concerning transplant rejections. ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** WebsiteURL: ** http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000815.htm#Causes,%20incidence,%20and%20risk%20factors  ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Name of Reviewer: ** Rachel Tang
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** Review of Site: ** The website, “Medline Plus,” concerning an informative all-encompassing view of organ transplant rejections, has a neutral, objective standpoint and has accurate information. Updated by Donald Accetta on 4/28/08, the information presented gives an in-depth analysis of each part of a transplant rejection, the symptoms, causes, prognosis, complications, and more. It explicates each of the categories, and when describing the prognosis, the author does warn the reader of an unpleasant outcome that may occur.

WebsiteURL: ** ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://health.howstuffworks.com/organ-transplant.htm ** </span]> ** || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Date of Review: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">May 21, 2008 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Author: Tom Harris <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Last Updated in 2008 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">The website “howstuffworks” concerning organ transplants has accurate information and an objective viewpoint. It explains in depth the different aspects of organ transplantation, consequences, and statistics. The purpose of the information on this website is to inform users on “how organ transplants work”. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Based on my evaluation of this website, I would recommend it to others interested in the topic of Organ Transplantation because it is accurate, informative, and easy to read. Also, the visual aspects of the website are valid and help to enhance the site. ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Name of Reviewer: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Emily Schon    ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Review of Site:

|| || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Date of Review: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">** May 27th, 2008  ** || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Although this specific essay is, in fact, a joint review/synopsis of two new books, it provides a brief overview of possible ethical complications resulting from the field of organ transplantation. The information depicted herein is as factually accurate as ethical conjecture can be (which is to say, neither truly accurate nor inaccurate), and although the “institution ” responsible for the writing most likely has a religious or philosophical, the writing carefully avoids any statements that might reduce its objectivity. The information itself is designed to provide a background against which the two publications may be critiqued; it is (apparently) not meant to persuade, educate, support, or instruct. It is hardly a complete overview, but it is sufficient for the purposes of sparking further thought and speculation. ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> WebsiteURL: ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">[|http://atheism.about.com/library/weekly/aa052302a.htm<span] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">   **
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> Name of Reviewer: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Cassidy Stevens
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> Review of Site: **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Author/Institution: About.com–Atheism/Agnosticism